It’s quite uncommon that complex problems can be solved by simple solutions - so don’t expect darktable to have some magic implemented.
It’s really important to handle each issue separately: blown highlight‘s should be handled before filmic stuffs the whole scene referred stuff into a limited display referred - filmic just can mitigate the effect.
The masking concept is the key to this - different things can be handled different.
In advantage over the old single whitebalance color calibration allows different processing of different illuminated areas - this is a big value indoors where direct and indirect illumination can demand quite different whitebalance settings to get consistent colors. Color calibration and then colorbalancergb are the primary tools to get colors right, not filmic 
For your clipped highlights sample: if there’s a channel with remaining infos you can try reconstruct in lch or color in the highlights reconstruction module. But don’t expect magic