The retouch module (3.4.4.12) might be helpful, especially the wavelet decompose part of that module.
Bruce Williams made a nice video about this module (the wavelet part starts at around 10:30):
Basically you work with layers (scales) that go from very fine to course and you can more easily identify the problem spots. It isn’t a magic wand so you do need to put the effort in, but I really like the fine-grained functionality.
Not for DT, but the Sharpening Contrast Threshold mask in RT renders (as a fallout) dust spots as donuts which are very easy to identify I will post a screenshot and an example raw file later. Maybe some other devs can use that…
Another method in Darktable is to crank up local contrast to the maximum. Very useful for spotting dirt on the lens as well. After fixing the dust spots with the retouch module you turn off or reset local contrast. This picture was scanned from a paper copy. I tried to clean the picture and the scanner, but could not remove everything.
or just use the retouch tool. set 7 wavelet layer - in layer 3 you can identify the sharper dust speckles in layer 7 the most unsharp speckles. to remove you heal in the rightmost layer they’re visible and then drag the upper slider to left until you’re satisfied