There’s something not quite right in Windows, sorry.
I unistalled Roboto to see if darktable-elegant.css falls back on Segoe UI as you said. And it doesn’t.
I get a whole lot of messages like the following:
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:42.910: couldn't load font "Roboto Light, Ultra-Light 9", falling back to "Sans Ultra-Light 9", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.047: couldn't load font "Roboto Condensed, Condensed Not-Rotated 9.71875", falling back to "Sans Condensed Not-Rotated 9.71875", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.047: couldn't load font "Sans Condensed Not-Rotated 9.71875", falling back to "Sans Not-Rotated 9.71875", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.051: couldn't load font "Roboto Medium, Medium Not-Rotated 9", falling back to "Sans Medium Not-Rotated 9", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.063: couldn't load font "Roboto Light, Ultra-Light Not-Rotated 13.5", falling back to "Sans Ultra-Light Not-Rotated 13.5", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.064: couldn't load font "Roboto Light, Ultra-Light 13.5", falling back to "Sans Ultra-Light 13.5", expect ugly output.
(darktable.exe:3852): Pango-WARNING **: 18:59:43.151: couldn't load font "Roboto Light, Bold Not-Rotated 107px", falling back to "Sans Bold Not-Rotated 107px", expect ugly output.
It seems that gtk under Windows does not follow the fall back list of fonts. It looks for Roboto and, if it’s not there, it falls back directly on Sans.
So I guess your screenshot is not Segoe UI, it’s Sans.
This is my screenshot:

I also did another test: I manually removed all calls to Roboto in the css file, leaving Segoe UI as first of the font list.
Now I don’t get the messages (except for the condensed typeface, which I don’t have installed), but the result is very different (and pretty ugly IMHO):

This is Segoe UI, actually.
If the fallback to Segoe UI doesn’t work, then I vote for Roboto to be installed in Windows and to be packaged with DT.